nPolicies designed to limit urban expansion tend to focus
on a few variables
Transportation costs and modal choice
Combat car culture
Provide mass transit alternatives
Limit road building
Rural to urban migration and population growth
Enhance economic opportunity in rural areas
Residence permits for cities
nConsiderable urban expansion occurs naturally as a
result of economic growth
nLimiting migration
could be effective but ...
Economic misallocation costs
Problems where free mobility considered an important right
nImportance of the commercial (non-residential)
sector
Direct impact on land use
Indirect via income generation and employment decentralization