Terms and concepts that should be known:
 

Coordinate Systems:

equatorial
ecliptic
horizon

Terms:

fixed stars
circumpolar stars
north celestial pole
celestial equator
ecliptic
north pole of ecliptic
latitude [b]
longitude [l]
terrestrial latitude
right ascension [a]
declination [d]
azimuth [Az]*
altitude [h]*
zenith
nadir
cosmology
gnomon
solar year
tropical year
sidereal year
anomalistic year*
equinox
solstice
polar circles
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
diurnal
sidereal
zodiac
synodic period
sidereal period
direct motion
retrograde motion
conjunction
syzygy
first visibility
first station
opposition
second station
last appearance
retrograde arc
lunar orbit
nodes [ascending and descending]
inclination of the [plane of the] ecliptic
inclination of the [plane of the] lunar orbit to the [plane of the] ecliptic
months
    synodic
    sidereal
draconitic*
tropical*
anomalistic*
eclipse
    lunar
    solar
precession of the equinoxes
apogee
perigee

• The zodiac is a 10° - 12° wide band which circles the celestial sphere with the ecliptic in its middle. The zodiacal constellations are in the zodiac.
• The distance from any pole to its corresponding great circle = 90°
• The latitude of the sun is always 0°

* Terms which you don't have to know, but it's good if they sound familiar.

Planetary Models

The Problem:  Given t, find l [planet's longitude]?
[Tell me where to look in order to see Planet x at time t.]

The Solutions -- and their deficiencies

1.  Eudoxus' QUALITATIVE Solution
2.  Simple Epicycle Deferent [or Eccentric]  [homogeneity]
3.  Eccentric Epicyle Deferent  [max velocities too extreme]
4.  Ptolemy's Equant Model  [only really fine tuning needed]
  [best approx. to Kepler ellipse]