MINKLER, ET AL. 2002 STUDY

• This study examines changes in family and friendship networks of 71 African-American grandmothers (aged 41-79 yrs) in Oakland, California, who were raising at least 1 preschool-aged grandchild, great-grandchild, or grandniece or grandnephew as a direct consequence of the crack-cocaine epidemic

many of the women reported decreased contact with family           and friends other than confidants and a decline in marital           satisfaction
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