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Part I: The History of Medicine from Prehistory to 1800

 Fri 2/2:  Introduction. Why History of Medicine?
  • Outline; Possibly begin Paleopathology, Paleomedicine
  • Definition of Medicine(s).  Reasons for studying History of Medicine. 
  • Chronology or typology  [Paleo/Ancient/Greek/Roman/Islam-Arabic/Medieval Latin/European 16th-18th/19th/Modern.]
  • Dependencies on Anatomy and Physiology.
    • Botany.
    • Chemistry [Cooking].
  • Theory/Practice.  Sources.  Nursing, Hospitals, Instruments, Societies, Journals, Pharmaceuticals, Universities, [Research];  Literature.

Mon 2/5  Medicine in Antiquity.
  • Paleomedicine.
    • Evidence [bone, teeth, mummy, soft tissue; painting, artifact].
  • Disease frequency, type; difficulty of diagnosis.  Remedies. Trepanation. limb/body deformation. Osteomyelitis; mastoiditis.
  • Ancient Medicine. 
    • Mesopotamia; magic. 
    • Egypt, rationality of E. Smith Papyrus.  Ebers, Berlin papyri.  Surgery, Gynecology.  [schistosomiasis?] 
    • India, Ayurvedic Medicine.
    • China. 
  • Conservatism of traditional medicine.

Readings [70pp]

Magner:

1-13  "Paleopathology and Paleomedicine"
17-35  "Medicine in Ancient Civilizations"
Recommended: 37-59  "Medical Traditions of India and China"

Porter:

Rec: 14-43  "The Roots of Medicine"
Rec: 44-50  "Antiquity" [Mesopotamia; Egypt]
135-146  "Indian Medicine"
147-162  "Chinese Medicine"

Notes on Ancient Medicine in China and India

Cf. History of Medicine: http://www.mic.ki.se/History.html

L. Magner: 1996 Syllabus: http://omni.cc.purdue.edu/~magner/hist353.htm

ancient_medicine_review_ou.htm

 Fri 2/9 Greek Medicine 
  • The Context of PreSocratics and Greek Rationality. 
    • Asclepius and the Aesculapians. 
    • 4 Humors, relation to Malaria, Psychology. 
  • Hippocratic Medicine. 
    • Oath, and implications. 
  • Tradition.  Cooks.  Diet.  Regimen.  Diagnosis.  Urinalysis.  Prognosis. 
  • Aristotle the biologist. 
    • On Reproduction. 
    • Classification. 
    • 4 Causes.  3 chambered heart.

Readings [90 pp]

Magner: 

63-76(top), "Greco-Roman Medicine"

Nuland: 

3-30, "Hippocrates."

Porter: 

Recommended: 50-66  "Antiquity"[Greece, Hippocrates]

Packet: 

Singer, 1-28, "The Greeks to 50 B.C." [ends w. Aristotle]
Aristotle, "The Generation of Animals", 79-83
Hippocrates "The Sacred Disease," 137-144, 
Source Book of Greek Science: 486-489, on climate; 4 humors; 498-500, on Prognosis

Mon 2/12  Greco-Roman Medicine
  • Alexandria, Museum and Library. 
  • Erisistratus and Herophilus.
    • 3 great systems. 
  • The 4 chambered heart and the Blood. 
  • Methodists, Empiricists, Dogmatists  [contrasts between theory and practice.] 
  • New Terminology[e.g. duodenum]. 
  • Celsus.  Galen.

Reading [117pp]

Magner: 

76-96, "Greco-Roman Medicine"

Nuland: 

31-60, "Galen"

Porter: 

66-82  [Alexandrian, Roman, Galen, practice, insanity]

Packet:

Singer, 28-36; [Herophilus and Erisistratus] 37-65, "The Empire and the Dark Ages"
Source Book of Greek Science 480-486, Galen 526-529, Treatment [cataract, aneurysm, dental]

Notes on Erisistratus and Herophilus

Wed. 2/14 Islamic Medicine
  • Jundishapur.  Transmission.  Hospitals, First Aid, Pharmacopeia.  New Terminology. 
  • Al Hazen, optics, and eye. 
  • Rhazes and measles/smallpox. 
  • Avicenna; Ishaq on "the Galenic System," 
  • Ibn al Nafis and pulmonary circulation. 
  • Current practice of traditional medicine.  Crusades.

Reading [92 pp]

Magner: 

133-149, "Islamic Medicine"

Porter: 

83-105. "Medicine and Faith" [Christianity, Galenic legacy, Islam, health care]

Packet:

Nasr, 184-229, "Medicine" 
Source Book of Medieval Science 715-720, "Canon," [Avicenna]

Mon. 2/19  Medieval Medicine

Background to the Middle Ages:  Islamic Expansion Ceases. 

  • The Western Medieval Technological Revolution.
    • Agriculture.
    • Population, Towns.
    • Universities.
  • Scholasticism. 
    • Recovery of Ancient Knowledge. 
    • Medieval translation and "recovery". 
    • Salerno. 
    • Medical Schools - anatomy, physiology, texts, status.
  • Compass, Gunpowder, Mechanical clock.  Eyeglasses. Brandtwein, and soap. 
  • Mondino and his work. 
    • Medical astrology. 
  • Leprosy. 14th century disaster: bubonic plague, ca. 1344ff.
  • Crusades 
  • Vocabulary

Reading [101 pp]

Magner:

99-128,  "The Middle Ages"

Porter: 

83-92 [Christianity; Galenic legacy]
106-134  "The Medieval West" [hospitals, plague, women, bodies, leprosy]

Packet:

Singer, 66-86, "The Middle Ages and Renaissance," 
Singer, 71-81 [Magic to Science] "The Age of Arabian Infiltration," and "Translation from the Arabic"

Fri. 2/23  Exemplars of Medieval Medicine
  • Trotula; Guy de Chauliac
  • Salerno; Mondino
  • the Plague

PAPER DUE TODAY

Readings [39 pp]
 

Packet:

Sourcebook of Medieval Science,

724-726,"Anatomical Demonstration at Salerno"
729-739, "Anatomy" [Mondino da Luzzi]
742-745, "General Instructions for the Practitioner"
761-767, "Gynaecology" [Trotula]
775-778, Salernitan Diet and Regimen [poem]
785-787, "How to Make Aqua Vitae," [Aldreotti]
773-774, "Bubonic Plague"
791-795, "History of Surgery"  [Chauliac]

Class Notes

Mon. 2/26  Renaissance and Reform
  • Paracelsus and Paré.[notes on Paré] 
  • Alchemy and surgery. 
  • Linacre, Caius, and Professionalization.  Hygiene. 
  • Ergotism, Venereal Disease. 
  • Iatrochemistry.

Reading [91 pp]

Magner: 

153-157;165-183, "Medicine and the Renaissance."

Nuland: 

94-119, "Ambroise Paré"

Porter:

"Renaissance"  163-176; 186-200; [syphilis, Paré, drugs, mind, society]
"The New Science"  201-211 [Paracelsus; iatrochemistry]
[reading notes]

Fri. 3/2 Vesalius
  • The Scientific Revolution in Anatomy. 
  • The "Copernicus" of Anatomy?

Reading [90 pp]

Porter:

176-186, "Renaissance" [Anatomy]

Magner:

158-164, [Vesalius]

Nuland:

61-93, "Andreas Vesalius"

Packet: 

Singer, 111-135, "Modern Times to Harvey"
Recommended: Singer, 187-205, "A Vesalian Atlas"
Vesalius' De Fabrica, "Introduction", 54-60
Heseler, "Vesalius' First Public Anatomy", 61-65
Platter, "Journal: Graverobbing for anatomy", 66-67

Mon. 3/5  17th Century Medicine; William Harvey
  • 17th century changes in medicine: 
    • Sydenham; quinine and malaria. 
    • Descartes. 
    • Microscope[s]; Leeuwenhoek. 
    • Physicians‚ practices; madness. 
  • William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood: 
    • Fabricius.  Fracastoro, Columbo. 
    • Cesalpino. William Harvey, Servetus and Ibn al-Nafis. 
    • Malpighi's confirmation of capillaries. 
    • New Problems: functions of respiration, circulation.  Transfusions. 
    • Sanctorio Sanctorio and quantitation. Metabolism. 

Readings [105 pp]

Magner: 

189-213, "The Scientific  Revolution and the Circulation of the Blood"
217-225, "Selected Aspects of Clinical and Preventive Medicine"  [17th Century only]

Nuland:

120-144, "William Harvey"

Porter:

"The New Science"  211-244  [Harvey, Descartes, body, microscope, Leeuwenhoek, practice, Moliere, curing, medicine & people, madness]

Packet: 

Singer, 174-185, "The Work of William Harvey"
Recommended: Singer, 140-145, "Vesalius' Followers"
Recommended: Singer, 153-158, "Fabricius ab Aquapendente"

Fri. 3/9 The Enlightenment
  • Morgagni. 
  • Johann Peter Frank and Medical Police. 
  • Lind, scurvy and citric acid, 'limeys'. 
  • Mather and smallpox inoculation. 
  • Jenner and vaccination. 
    • Eradication of smallpox. 
  • Boerhaave and Leiden;  Naturphilosophie. 
  • Haller. Auenbruegger. 
  • Miasma v. contagion.  Cullen.
  • Medical practice. 
    • Therapeutics. 
    • Insanity. 
    • Midwifery. 
    • Surgery. 
    • Medicine and laypeople. 
    • Professionalization. 
      • Education. 
      • Hospitals. 
  • Yellow fever.

Reading [143 pp]

Magner:

225-252, " Clinical and Preventive Medicine"[18th century]

Packet: 

Jenner on Cowpox, 299-309

Porter:

"Enlightenment" 245-303 (Notes)

Nuland:

145-170, "Giovanni Morgagni"
171-199,  "John Hunter"

Mon. 3/12  William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood
  • Harvey's experimental method illustrated. 
    • Discussion. 
    • Video [Royal College of Physicians]:  "William Harvey and the Circulation of the Blood"  Stetson Media Classroom - A.
  • Review

Fri  3/16  Midterm Examination


 
 

Part II. The Rise of Modern Medicine: 1800 - 1999

Mon. 4/2  Scientific Medicine in the Nineteenth Century
  • Laennec and the stethoscope. 
  • Virchow 
    • Medicine in Paris 
    • Bichat, Broussais 
  • German laboratory medicine
    • Pharmacology
    • Education 
  • Bernard 
    • Science and practice.

Readings [100 pp]

Porter: 

304-347, "Scientific Medicine in the 19th Century"

Magner:

335-341, "Diagnostics and Therapeutics" [Laennec]

Nuland:

200-237,  "René Laennec"
304-342, "Rudolf Virchow"
408-411, [Halsted - radical mastectomy]

Packet: 

Laennec on Diseases of the Chest, 310-313

Fri. 4/6  Medical Care in the Nineteenth Century
  • Institutional changes
    • education 
    • professinalization
    • nursing
    • hospitals 
    • specialization 
    • alternative medicine 
  • Women and/in medicine. 
  • The story of Anesthesia.

Reading [106 pp]
 

Porter:

348-359; "19th Century Medical Care" [Education and professionalization]
360-368  [surgery and anesthesia]
375-396  [nursing, specialization, alternatives]

Packet:

Blackwell, Women and Medicine, 282-287

Magner:

279-294  "The Art and Science of Surgery"

Nuland:

263-303, "Surgery without Pain"

 Mon. 4/9 Infection and Asepsis
  • Semmelweiss
  • Lister

Readings [114 pp]
 

Magner:

259-275, "Childbed Fever, Midwifery, and Obstetrics"
294-302    [Lister]

Nuland:

238-262   Semmelweis
343-385   "Joseph Lister"

Porter: 

368-374   [Lister]

Packet:

Semmelweis on Puerperal Fever, 240-246 
Lister on Antisepsis, 247-252

Fri.  4/13 Public Health
  • Industrialization and public health. 
    • disease statistics 
    • legislation
    • cholera
    • clean water
    • sanitation and hygiene

Readings [85 pp]
 

Porter:

397-427,  "Public Medicine"

Packet: 

Chadwick's Report, 217-239
"Snow on Cholera", 25-55

Mon. 4/16 From Pasteur to immunology
  • Pasteur
    • The Germ Theory of Disease. 
  • Koch. 
    • Bacteriology. 
  • Chemotherapy. 
    • Antibiotics. 
    • Immunology.

Readings [102 pp]
 

Porter: 

428-461, "From Pasteur to Penicillin"

Magner: 

305-331, "The Germ Theory of Disease: Medical Microbiology"
341-365 [serum therapy, chemotherapy, antibiotics, and immunology]

Packet:

253-257,  Pasteur on Germ Theory
319-329,  Koch on Tuberculosis

Fri.  4/20  1.  Tropical Medicine.  2.   Psychiatry.

Colonialism and Imperialism.  Œnew‚ dangers.  Medicine becomes international.   Reforms in mental treatment.  Sanitarium.  Moral Treatment.  Psychoanalysis.  new technologies.

Readings [83 pp]
 

Porter: 

462-492, "Tropical Medicine, World Diseases"
493-524, "Psychiatry"

Packet: 

Pinel on Insanity, 166-177
Dix on Treatment of the Insane, 352-359

Mon. 4/23 Medical Research
  • Institutionalization and Specialization. 
    • Neurology; Neuropathology.
    • Biochemistry and nutrition. 
    • Endocrinology.
    • Neurochemistry. 
    • Cancer.
    • Cardiology. 
    • Genetics. 
    • Immunology.

PAPER DUE TODAY

Readings [72 pp]
 

Porter:

525-596  "Medical Research" and "Clinical Science"

Fri. 4/27  SECOND HOUR EXAM

Mon. 4/30 Surgery after Lister
  • New operations and instruments. 
    • Heart
    • Transplants
  • Reproductive technology. 
  • Halsted; Taussig.

Readings [135 pp]
 

Porter: 

597-627, "Surgery"

Nuland:

386-421, "William Stewart Halsted"
422-456,  Helen Taussig
457-489, "The Story of Transplantation"

Fri. 5/4  Medicine: social, political, and personal context.
  • Social policies. 
  • Insurance. 
  • Changes in doctor-patient relationships.

Readings [82 pp]
 

Porter: 

628-709, "Medicine, State and Society," and "Medicine and the People"

 

Mon.  5/7 Retrospect    QUIZ
  • Quiz. 
  • Reflections, Review, Prospects. 
  • SCS.

Readings [18 pp]

Porter:

710-718  "The Past, the Present, and the Future"

Packet: 

Porter,  "The Rise and Fall of the Age of Miracles," 1-9

Fri.   5/11  Choosing a Lifetime in Medicine [or Wed., 5/10?]
  • Dr. Michael Payne, M.D.